Search results for "Energy requirement"
showing 10 items of 13 documents
Performance of a membrane-coupled high-rate algal pond for urban wastewater treatment at demonstration scale
2020
[EN] The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of an outdoor membrane-coupled high-rate algal pond equipped with industrial-scale membranes for treating urban wastewater. Decoupling biomass retention time (BRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) by membrane filtration resulted in improved process efficiencies, with higher biomass productivities and nutrient removal rates when operating at low HRTs. At 6 days of BRT, biomass productivity increased from 30 to 66 and to 95 g.m(-3).d(-1) when operating at HRTs of 6, 4 and 2.5 days, respectively. The corresponding nitrogen removal rates were 4, 8 and 11 g N.m(-3).d(-1) and the phosphorous removal rates were 0.5, 1.3 and 1.6 g P…
Der Einfluß von extremen Ausdauerbelastungen auf den Eiweißstoffwechsel des Menschen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Immunsystems
1985
In summer 1981, six long-distance runners covered a 1100-km-course across the Federal Republic of Germany within 20 days. Four of them were on a more or less ovo-lacto-vegetable and two a vegetarian diet. In spite of a high absolute but indeed low relative protein supply, a continuous decrease of the total protein content could be noticed in the serum. The alterations of the protein fractions corresponded to those of an acute-phase reaction. The Immunoglobulin-G and the Immunoglobulin-A content decreased continuously. The cortisol level was always above the norm, the insulin level always below. The glucagon level increased continuously in the course of the day. The urea-N-level moved around…
Assessment of Cost and Energy Requirements of Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Machining Processes
2017
Additive Manufacturing is under the spotlight as potential disruptive technology, particularly for the production of complex-shaped structural metallic components. However, the actual AM process capabilities present some limitations in achieving the strict part quality requirements imposed by the aerospace and automotive sectors. Therefore, the integration of AM and conventional manufacturing represents an emerging scenario to be investigated. In this paper, a pure machining process and a hybrid production route (based on EBM and finish machining) are compared. The influence of material usage-related factors on costs and energy demand is discussed. The results prove that, despite precise pr…
Cost and safety issues of emerging technologies against conventional techniques
2015
Abstract The industrialization of recovery processes is governed by several factors such as scale-up boundaries, product safety, and overall cost. Thereby, improved process efficiency is considered in terms of cost minimization via reducing processing steps and restricting overall energy consumption. The emerging nonthermal technologies promise to overcome the obstacles of conventional techniques with regard to energy requirements, but in some cases this has not yet been achievable. In this chapter, an attempt to clarify cost issues of conventional and emerging technologies is conducted. Moreover, other aspects such as safety issues are discussed, as the facilitation of healthy food additiv…
Human energy interacting interface: Interface to transform environmental energy into human acquired energy
2016
The human body acquires energy in many form to manage their activities. This energy enters into human body in the form of food, beverages or any other external source. Few of the vital nutrients are injected into human body via supplementary medicines, etc. Some of the required energy of human body is absorbed naturally from the environment (e.g. vitamin D through sunlight). Human body absorbs limited energy / nutrients from the environment due to lack of proper transformation of energy aspects of human body. Due to this there is requirement of an interface which can help in transforming the environmental energy for fulfilling some aspects of the human body energy requirements. To understan…
Energy and environmental life-cycle impacts of solar-assisted systems: The application of the tool “ELISA”
2020
Abstract Solar heating and cooling (SHC) systems can be relevant in the achievement of energy and climate European goals. The benefits of these technologies should be evaluated taking into account their life-cycle energy and environmental impacts, calculated by applying the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The development of a complete LCA can be difficult and time-consuming particularly for non-experts in LCA, discouraging them in developing the life-cycle assessments. To overcome this issue, the paper presents “ELISA - Environmental Lifecycle Impacts of Solar Air-conditioning systems”, a user-friendly simplified tool for estimating the life-cycle energy and environmental benefits/impacts of s…
Biofouling management in anaerobic membrane bioreactors
2020
Abstract This chapter is aimed at providing an insight on the main issues around the membrane fouling in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs). The analysis presented here shows that membrane fouling in AnMBRs is attributed to three major factors: membrane features, operating conditions, and wastewater characteristics. Several ad-hoc strategies have been implemented in literature to mitigate membrane fouling in AnMBRs, such as gas sparging, media addition, chemical cleaning, and membrane rotation/vibration. Among them, gas sparging is considered the most expensive strategy due to the high power requirement of the gas blower (up to 1.345 kWh m− 3). An accurate experimental and modeling ana…
Towards a More Sustainable City: The Role of the Daylight Factor in Evaluating the Energy Requirements of Buildings
2018
The Daylight factor is the reference parameter used in Energy Standard EN15193:2008 to assess daylight contribution in the energy performance of buildings. But its efficacy in putting in relation buildings energy performance, daylight availability and visual tasks is now a subject of discussion in literature. In fact, the daylight factor is a static indicator independent from building geometry and environmental parameters. From the energy point of view, it has still to be assessed if it can ensure when the switch of artificial light is needed, representing therefore the most disadvantageous outdoor illuminance conditions. The goal of this study is demonstrating if the daylight factor calcul…
549 Prevention of Obesity Through Healthy Nutrition in the First Year of Life
2012
Background Obesity, defined as excess body fat can be diagnosed at 6 months. In children, BMI percentiles are used, defining the overweight between 85–95 and obesity >95. The main predictors of primary obesity in infancy are high birthweight, parental obesity, low total energy expenditure and energy intake (EI). Aim Calculation of optimal EI in infants. Method Calculation of estimated energy requirements (EER) for infants was made according to the formulas: [(89×Gkg)-100]+175 between 0–3 months, [(89×Gkg)-100]+56, between 4–6 months, [(89×Gkg)-100]+22, between 7–12 months. Calculation of fluid requirements was made according to Apert formula: G g /10+200(300). Results Were studied 11 infant…
Life Cycle Assessment of solar heating and cooling systems: the tool “ELISA”
2018
Solar heating and cooling (SHC) systems play an important role in the achievement of energy and climate European goals. The benefits of these technologies should be evaluated taking into account their lifecycle energy and environmental impacts, calculated by applying the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The development of a complete LCA can be difficult and time-consuming particularly for no-LCA experts, discouraging them in the inclusion of the lifecycle perspective in their assessments. To overcome this limit, the paper presents “ELISA - Environmental Lifecycle Impacts of Solar Air-conditioning systems”, a user-friendly simplified tool for estimating the lifecycle energy and envir…